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Causes of Mental Retardation

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الكلية كلية التمريض القسم قسم التمريض العام المرحلة 4
أستاذ المادة سجاء هاشم محمد كاظم 6/26/2011 10:34:31 PM

Some Causes of Mental Retardation / Intellectual Disability

· Before or At Conception

· Inherited disorders (such as phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs disease, neurofibromatosis, hypothyroidism, and fragile X syndrome)

· Chromosome abnormalities (such as Down syndrome)

· During Pregnancy

· Severe maternal malnutrition

· Infections with HIV, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, rubella virus

· Toxins (such as alcohol, lead, and methyl mercury)

· Drugs (such as phonation, valproate, isotretinoin, and cancer chemotherapy)

· Abnormal brain development (such as pore cephalic cyst, grey matter heterotopias, and encephalocele)

· Preeclampsia and multiple births

· During Birth

· Insufficient oxygen (hypoxia)

· Extreme prematurity

· After Birth

· Brain infections (such as meningitis and encephalitis)

· Severe head injury

· Malnutrition of the child

· Severe emotional neglect or abuse

· Toxins (such as lead and mercury)

· Brain tumors and their treatments

Levels of Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disability

Level

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Range

Ability at Preschool Age (Birth to 6 Years)

Ability at School Age (6 to 20 Years)

Ability at Adult Age (21 Years and Older)

Mild

52-69

Can develop social and communication skills; motor coordination is slightly impaired; often not diagnosed until later age

Can learn up to about the 6th-grade level by late teens; can be expected to learn appropriate social skills

Can usually achieve enough social and vocational skills for self-support; may need guidance and assistance during times of unusual social or economic stress

Moderate

36-51

Can talk or learn to communicate; social awareness is poor; motor coordination is fair; can profit from training in self-help

Can learn some social and occupational skills; can progress to elementary school level in schoolwork; may learn to travel alone in familiar places

May achieve self-support by performing unskilled or semiskilled work under sheltered conditions; needs supervision and guidance when under mild social or economic stress

Severe

20-35

Can say a few words; able to learn some self-help skills; has limited speech skills; motor coordination is poor

Can talk or learn to communicate; can learn simple health habits; benefits from habit training

May contribute partially to self-care under complete supervision; can develop some useful self-protection skills in controlled environment

Profound

19 or below

Extreme cognitive limitation; little motor coordination; may need nursing care

Some motor coordination; limited communication skills

May achieve very limited self-care; usually needs nursing care

المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .

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