Communicable and communicable diseases

Communicable and communicable diseases
Comm.. dis. Still account for a large proportion of the morbidity & mortality. They are decreased from 1991. While the chronic dis. Still increased. Conditions for admission are: normal deliveries, respiratory sys. Problems & many other conditions.
There are ten comm.. dis. In rank order- out started from acute enteritis ending with acute respiratory diseases.
Communicable diseases
Illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins transmitted directly from an affected person or animal to a health person.
Transmission of comm. Dis.
Agent_________ host ___________ environment. There should be a successful interaction of the three.
Agent: - living & non living they are capable to produce a disease.
Six characteristics of an infectious agent: infectivity, pathogenicity, toxicity, invasiveness & antigenicity.
Host factor: a human or animal host may harbor an infectious agent. Specific characteristics of the. Immunity, resistance, sex, age, life style...etc.
Resistance: ability of the host defense the self
Immunity.
1. Natural imm: innate resistance
2. Acquired imm.by the host as a result of previous natural exposure measles immunity. From prior infection with measles virus. Either
A. active imm. Administrating of antigen e.g. vaccinating children.
B. passive: transfer of antibody from mother to the infant.
3. Herd imm: of a group or community e.g. higher immunization coverage.
C. infectiousness: the ability of an infected host to transmit
the infection to other hosts. Droplet is more infectious than a vector transmission.

Non- communicable diseases (chronic diseases)
Non communicable diseases start slowly & develop over a period of years some of the infectious disease may become chronic they are impairment from normal with one or more of the following characteristics:
Being permanent
Leave residual disability
Caused by an irreversible pathological alteration
Require long period of medical supervision & care
Prevalence
More prevalence in the older group. Causes & predisposing factors are unknown. By studies show risk factors.
Genetic factor: one cause of transferring of chronic disease e.g. Diabetes & glaucoma.
Familial & life- style: Tend to occur in families e.g. hypertension & cancer.
Premature birth: increasing risk of congenital defects both physical & mental.
Injury at birth: causes permanent damage to infants e.g. cerebral palsy.
Sex & Race: Incidence differs with sex & race. Woman show higher rates of rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes.
Habits: Cigarette & other forms of smoking, Alcohol abuse.
Environment risk factors: Air & water pollution, poor hosing, overcrowding that lead to incidence of tuberculosis & allergies.
Occupation: Exposure to certain substances & conditions has been linked with number of chronic diseases. E.g. Dust leads to respiratory diseases. Prolonged contact with chemicals leads to dermatitis.
Excessive exposure to radiation: Increase the risk of types of cancer.
Nutrition: Under- nutrition leads to some deficiency diseases. e.g. Insufficient iodine intake results in thyroid disease which will lead to heart disease.
MOST COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES
Cardio- vascular disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, tuberculoses, Allergic diseases.
Role of the Nurse
The objectives of care are:
To maintain the ability to function in both pt. & family.
To support the pt. care regimen.
To enhance community & family efforts.
To maximize the comfort & safety of the pt.
To reduce the stress of family & pt.
To observe & report new pattern
Nursing process: the role of the nurse in the care of chronically ill patient will be:
Assessment: collect of data regarding:
The nature of disease, etiology, signs and symptoms, methods of diagnosis, care and treatment
Mobility and mortality statistics
Distribution among the population age, sex, occupation and attitude and health awareness of the public towards chronic diseases
Available health services for the prevention and control of the condition
Assess home situation to determine if home care is possible or not
Assess the competence of family members to determine if they can carry out the required care
Nursing diagnosis:
Analyze and identify the needs and problems (actual and potential) from the data collected and state nursing diagnosis
Planning
Determine the needs/problems and priorities the problem list
Establish with others involved in the care, reasonable goals for the restoration of physical function for the pt
Coordinate the plan of care and the efforts of other care providers such as physicians, physical therapist, social workers etc.
Increase her own skill in the care of chronically ill pts by self initiated training or working with agency personnel
Implementation
The nurse helps in the early case finding and early diagnosis of chronic diseases
Stress the value of periodic medical checkup for early detection of chronic diseases
Educate the public about the signs and symptoms of chronic disease, importance of early diagnosis and adequate measures for their control as well as the available resources and services
Proper referral of cases to secondary care institutions for further assistance in care
Teach the family to notice and report any change in the pts condition
Maintain adherence to the treatment regimen. The following steps may help the client to comply with the treatment
Maintain a safe environment by cleanliness avoiding contact with infected persons etc
Assist the pt and his family to adjust to a long-term disease and help control or reduce their stress by encouraging open expression of feeling and reassuring them to deal with the situation
Evaluation:
Periodic evaluation of the effectiveness of the nursing activities in meeting the needs of the pt and in reaching the established goals